Table 1 Summary characteristics of the included studies

Kurkiewicz et al. 2023 [25]

Single-center, prospective cohort study

Poland

200

Classes III—IV

Patients with advanced HF ([NYHA] classes III–IV) are hospitalized for heart transplantation (HT)

All-cause mortality

One year

Maeda et al. 2020 [19]

Single-center, retrospective cohort study

Japan

381

NA

Patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)

The diagnosis of heart failure was based on the Framingham criteria

All-cause mortality and readmission because of HF

Median (IQR): 363 days (147–721) days

Shi et al. 2023 [18]

Single-center, retrospective cohort study

China

1123

Classes III—IV

Advanced HF (NYHA classes III-IV & BNP level of > / = 500 pg/ml)

All-cause mortality

NA

Sun et al. 2024 [26]

Multi-center, retrospective cohort study

USA

548

NA

Adult patients with HF at their initial admission to the ICU, identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Since HF may not always be the primary diagnosis, records were included if HF appeared in any of the first five diagnosis positions

All-cause in-hospital mortality

Three months

Yuan et al. 2022 [20]

Single-center, retrospective cohort study

China

543

Classes II-III-IV

HF patients above 65 years

HF was defined according to recent guidelines as the occurrence of HF-related symptoms or signs accompanied by evidence of cardiac dysfunction, indicated by either left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% or elevated plasma concentration of N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) > 125 ng/L

All-cause mortality

Five years