Fig. 3

Model performance evaluation across three datasets. a-c. ROC curves and AUCs for the five models. (a) Training set. (b) Internal validation set. (c) External validation set. d-f.Calibration curves and Brier scores for the five models. (d) Training set. (e) Internal validation set. (f) External validation set. g-i. DCA for the five models. (g) Training set. (h) Internal validation set. (i) External validation set. j-l. Radar charts for the five models. (j) Training set. k. Internal validation set. l. External validation set